DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences21Release of Steroids from Plastibase Semisolid Bases173180D.Hassan-Zadeh S.Kararayar20151006The present research is carried out in order to study the possibility of replacing the classic semisolid bases in steroidal commercial products with Plastibase.As regard to its high lipophilic properties, the plastibase alone is not a suitable base for hydrocortisone acetate and f.luocinolone acetonide. Addition of 5 and 7.5% of Propylene glycol to plastibase can increase the rate of drug release from vehicle. This change in drug release is related to decrease in drug-vehicle interaction and consequently increasing its partition coefficient. It seems that these considerations can be applied to betamethasone and clobetasole ointments, which are the most utilized in Iranian commerce .https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/view/23https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/download/23/23

DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences21Cultivation of European Tetraploide and Diploid Species of Matricaria Charnomilla and Comparison of Ingredients of Their Volatile Oils with Those of Iranian Diploid Species181193K-Samsam Sheriat.Ghassemi DehkordiH.Rahi20151006The aim of this study is to compare the ingredients of volatile oils of Matricaria species with common name "Babooneh" which has been used for the treatment of different diseases. In this regard, this survey deals with the following purposes:A. Standard seeds of tetraploid and diploid of Matricaria Charnomilla by Philips Marburg University (Germany) werecultivated in autumne and spring, then examined as in (B) B. After growth, the plants were collected and examined botanically and phytochemically (specially volatile oils) and compared with standards. The results are as follows: 1. The highest essential oil content has been found in the tetraploid of Matricaria Charnomilla compared with other species. 2. The highest chamazulene contents in related tetraploid of Matricaria Charnomilla3. Between different species of Babooneh in Iran, the Desfoolian Babooneh is similar to Egiption Babooneh cultured in Isfahan.https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/view/24https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/download/24/24

DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences21Clemastine as Antimicrobial Agent: Effectiveness and Mechanism of Action195202S.Fazli Bazaz P. Vahedi20151006In this investigation, the antimicrobial activity of Clemastine was studied.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of this drug against some bacteria were determined using tube dilution method.To find out the bactericidal activity of Clemastine, the number of living bacteria in the presence of drug was counted by a culture method (pour plate method). Thereafter, the preservative effectiveness of Clemastine was studied in detail using standard method (USP 1985).The results show a good antibacterial but not antifungal activity.In considering the mechanism of action of Clemastine, it can be seen that the drug has some effect on cell membrane permeability and causes leakage of intracellular material including the K+ .Comparing the bactericidal results with the leakage of K+, shows that the leakage may be due to the bactericidal activity of the drug.https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/view/25https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/download/25/25

DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences21Mode of Antifungal Drugs Interaction with Cytochrome P- 450203210M- Mahmodian F.Taha Nejad20151006Computer was used to identify the interactions of substrates and antifungal drugs with the enzyme, Cytochrome P-450; and then Molplot.bas computer program was applied to get three dimensional figures of 5-hydroxy camphor.oxidation products of camphor analogues, and antifungal drugs.Cartesian characteristics of atoms building molecules, are taken from Buildz. for program, which can calculate X,Y,Z coordinates of atoms by Zmatrix data. The other program which can calculate X,Y,Z coordinates, using fractional characteristics, is the Coord, for program that, gives our cartesian characteristics of the atoms of molecule, then by using these data, we obtain three dimensional figures and distance between active atoms in compounds under consideration. Results show that distance between two oxygen atoms in 5-exo-hydroxy- camphor and the other compounds obtained from oxidation of camphor analogues, with the distance of two oxygen atoms in antifungal compounds under discussion are equal. Therefore, we can conclude that, the antifungal molecule also interacts with enzyme's active site, by its own sites, in a similar manner to the 5-hydroxy camphor molecule, which is:1. Nitrogen atom (N) of Imidazole and Triazole ring in antifungal molecule with Iron atom in heam molecule belonging to Cytochrome P-450 enzyme, are coordinated.2. The other atoms such as : 0,S or N in structure of the antifungal drug are coordinated with hydrogen atom of hydroxyl group belong ing to Tyr-96 in the structure of enzyme, forming hydrogen bonding.https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/view/26https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/download/26/26

DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences21G Proteins and Regulation of Effector Function211228A.R. Dehpour K. Mousavizadeh20151006Cell surface receptors use a variety of membrane signalling mechanisms to translate information encoded in neurotransmitters, hormones, and growth factors into cellular responses.Collectively these mechanisms are refered to as transmembrane signalling or signal transduction. In the simplest example,the process involves a receptor protein-encompassed ion channel whose conductance is regulated by receptor activation.A second type of transmembrane signalling system involves the coupling of at least three separate components, a receptor protein, a guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein) , and an effector mechanism. In some receptor" effector systems the signal transduction pathways is entirely confined to the membrane, in which no intracellular messenger is involved.Alternatively, the activity of an enzyme may be changed to generate a specific intracellular signal molecule or second messenger. Receptors in this latter category may regulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase in a positive manner through a stimulatory G protein( G ) or in a negative manner through an inhibitory G protein( G. ) thereby controlling the intracellular level of cAMP. Another membrane- associated enzyme, similar to adenylate cyclase, is phospholipase C which catalizes the hydrolysis of PIP2into IP3and DAG. Phospholipase C coupled receptors are physiologically very important because both products of the reaction act as a second messenger; diacylglycerol activates protein kinase C and IP3 stimulates calcium release from Intracellular stores.https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/view/27https://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/download/27/27